CVE-2025-54424:
vulnerability analysis and mitigation

Overview

CVE-2025-54424 affects 1Panel, a web interface and MCP Server that manages websites, files, containers, databases, and LLMs on Linux servers. The vulnerability was discovered in versions 2.0.5 and below, where incomplete certificate verification during HTTPS communication between Core and Agent endpoints allows unauthorized interface access. The issue was disclosed on July 26, 2025, and was patched in version 2.0.6 (GitHub Advisory).

Technical details

The vulnerability stems from improper certificate validation in the HTTPS protocol used between Core and Agent endpoints. The issue occurs because the system uses tls.RequireAnyClientCert instead of tls.RequireAndVerifyClientCert, which only requires clients to provide a certificate without validating the certificate's CA signature. The system only verifies the certificate's CN field is 'panel_client' without validating the certificate issuer. The vulnerability has a CVSS v3.1 base score of 8.1 (High) with vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H (GitHub Advisory).

Impact

Due to the presence of numerous command execution and high-privilege interfaces in 1Panel, this vulnerability can lead to Remote Code Execution (RCE). Attackers can potentially access sensitive process information, execute arbitrary commands through Terminal SSH WebSocket interface, and interact with container terminals. The vulnerability affects the entire system's security by allowing unauthorized access to critical system functions (GitHub Advisory).

Mitigation and workarounds

The vulnerability has been fixed in version 2.0.6 of 1Panel. Users should upgrade to this version immediately. The fix includes proper certificate validation implementation and improvements to the security verification process (GitHub Release).